Exchange rate behavior and exchange rate puzzles: why the 18th century might help

Este artículo analiza el comportamiento de los tipos de cambio entre España y Gran Bretaña durante el siglo XVIII; en concreto, de los tipos de cambio en el mercado de Londres sobre tres ciudades españolas, entre los años 1699 y 1826. Tras una breve exposición del funcionamiento del sistema monetario español y de la determinación de los tipos de cambio, estudiamos hasta qué punto el tipo de cambio respondía a variables fundamentales, utilizando dos modelos teóricos generalmente aceptados. Los resultados sugieren que la paridad de poder adquisitivo se cumplió durante el siglo XVIII, y que el tipo de cambio se movía de forma paralela a los diferenciales de inflación. Al final del siglo aparecen desviaciones de la paridad de poder adquisitivo, que atribuimos a alteraciones en el tipo de cambio real causadas por fluctuaciones en el comercio bilateral entre España y Gran Bretaña y, quizá, a diferenciales de productividad.This article explores the behavior of exchange rates in Spain during the 18th century. We analyze the exchange rates quoted in London on three Spanish cities between 1699 and 1826. After a brief review of how the Spanish monetary system worked and how exchange rates were determined, we assess to which extent the exchange rate responded to market fundamentals by testing two theoretical models of exchange rate determination. The results suggest that purchasing power parity held during the 18th century, with the exchange rate tracking quite closely the behavior of inflation differentials. Deviations from PPP appeared at the end of the century, due mostly to changes in the real exchange rate caused by the bilateral trade between Spain and Great Britain and, maybe, due to productivity differentials

Exchange Rate Behavior and Exchange Rate Puzzles: Why the XVIII Century Might Help

This article explores the behavior of exchange rates in Spain during the XVIII century. We posit that exchange rates were the result of both government intervention over nominal values of currencies and the estimate that the market –of bills of exchange- gave to the value of the currency. We analyze the exchange rates quoted in London on three Spanish cities between 1699 and 1826. After a brief overview of the functioning of the Spanish monetary system and of exchange rate determination, we assess the extent to which the exchange rate responded to market fundamentals by testing some theoretical models of exchange rate determination. The results suggest that purchasing power parity held during the XVIII century, with the exchange rate tracking quite closely the behavior of inflation differentials. Deviations from PPP appeared at the end of the century, due mostly to changes in the real exchange rate caused by the bilateral trade balance between Spain and Great Britain and, maybe, to productivity differentials.

On the impact of the radiation pattern of the antenna element on MU-MIMO indoor channels

This paper presents an analysis of the effect that the radiation pattern of the antenna element that makes up the base station array has on the structure of multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) channels. In this paper, the analysis focuses on the uplink. It is well known that the antennas are an inseparable part of the radio channel. The use of more or less directional antennas as elements of the base station array of a MIMO system influences the channel in two fundamental parameters that affect the performance of MU-MIMO systems: on the one hand, the coherence bandwidth, which determines the necessary overhead in the channel estimation; and, on the other hand, the orthogonality of the subchannels between the multiple users and the base station, which influences the degree with which the condition of "favorable propagation" is fulfilled. Based on an experimental analysis using both omnidirectional and directional antennas, conclusions are drawn about how these two parameters are affected and their influence on the spectral efficiency obtainable. The measurement campaign was carried out in an indoor environment in the 3 to 4 GHz band.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, under the project TEC2017-86779-C2-1-R

A lower bound for the coherence block length in mobile radio channels

A lower bound for the coherence block (ChB) length in mobile radio channels is derived in this paper. The ChB length, associated with a certain mobile radio channel, is of great practical importance in future wireless systems, mainly those based on massive multiple input and multiple output (M-MIMO) technology. In fact, it is one of the factors that determines the achievable spectral efficiency. Firstly, theoretical aspects regarding the mobile radio channels are summarized, focusing on the rigorous definition of coherence bandwidth (BC) and coherence time (TC) parameters. Secondly, the uncertainty relations developed by B. H. Fleury, involving both BC and TC, are presented. Afterwards, a lower bound for the product BCTC is derived, i.e., the ChB length. The obtained bound is an explicit function of easily measurable parameters, such as the delay spread, mobile speed and carrier frequency. Furthermore, and especially important, this bound is also a function of the degree of coherence with which we define both BC and TC. Finally, an application example that illustrates the practical possibilities of the bound obtained is presented. As a further conclusion, the need to determine what degree of correlation is required to consider mobile channels as effectively flat-fading and stationary is highlighted.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (TEC2017-86779-C2-1-R)

Use of tablets in Early Childhood Education: a case study

El uso de las tecnologías en el aula suponen un valor añadido al proceso educativo. No obstante, el acto de enseñar y aprender en la etapa de Educación Infantil requiere no solo de la introducción de los recursos novedosos en las aulas educativas, sino que es fundamental comenzar todo el proceso a partir de una fundamentación pedagógica que justifique su implementación didáctica en el contexto donde aprenden, desaprenden y re-aprenden el alumnado de Educación Infantil. Este es el trabajo que se está llevando a cabo en el CEIP Maruja Mallo y que presentamos en este artículo, ya que el profesorado cree que el cambio metodológico y de paradigma debe iniciarse en edades tempranas, donde se haga visible el uso de metodologías activas. El propósito de esta experiencia recae en el buen uso de diferentes recursos tecnológicos, por parte del alumnado de Educación Infantil, como la pizarra digital y la tablet, que redunden no sólo en el logro de las competencias generales y básicas de las diferentes áreas de conocimiento (Matemáticas, Lengua, …) sino también en el empleo de aquellas competencias transversales (comunicación, interacción social, educación en igualdad de oportunidades, corresponsabilidad con los otros, afectividad, …) que van a favorecer el desarrollo integral de su personalidad, y les va a habilitar para un aprendizaje permanente a lo largo de su vida.The technologies in classroom are value added in learning. However, the introduction of new technologies in classrooms is not enough to educate in the stage of preschool, but it’s necessary start with the pedagogical argument that justifies their didactic implementation in the context where they learn, unlearn, relearn the preschool children. This project which has been done in CEIP Maruja Mallo, and we present in this article that the teachers believe in the methodological change, and the paradigm should start in the early ages, where the use of active methodologies becomes visible. The purpose of this research, it is good use of different technological resources in preschool children, for example Interactive whiteboard and tablet. This purpose will help improve general and basic competences (Mathematics, Language …) also in the use of transversal competences (Communication, social interaction, equal education, co-responsibility with others, affectivity... ) these will favor the integral development of their personality, and will enable them for lifelong learning throughout their lives Keywords: Preschool, TIC, Tablet, App, Interactive whiteboard.peerReviewe

Characterisation of indoor massive MIMO channels using ray-tracing: A case study in the 3.2-4.0 GHz 5G band

In this paper, research results on the applicability of ray-tracing (RT) techniques to model massive MIMO (MaMi) channels are presented and discussed. The main goal is to show the possibilities that site-specific models based on rigorous RT techniques, along with measurement campaigns considered for verification or calibration purposes where appropriate, can contribute to the development and deployment of 5G systems and beyond using the MaMi technique. For this purpose, starting from the measurements and verification of the simulator in a symmetric, rectangular and accessible scenario used as the testbed, the analysis of a specific case involving channel characterisation in a large, difficult access and measurement scenario was carried out using the simulation tool. Both the measurement system and the simulations emulated the up-link in an indoor cell in the framework of a MaMi-TDD-OFDM system, considering that the base station was equipped with an array consisting of 10 × 10 antennas. The comparison of the simulations with the measurements in the testbed environment allowed us to affirm that the accuracy of the simulator was high, both for determining the parameters of temporal dispersion and frequency selectivity, and for assessing the expected capacity in a specific environment. The subsequent analysis of the target environment showed the high capacities that a MaMi system can achieve in indoor picocells with a relatively high number of simultaneously active users.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of the Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (TEC2017-86779-C2-1-R

Las diez claves sobre métricas alternativas

Se presenta un resumen de los aspectos más destacados de las métricas alternativas o altmetrics. Más concretamente se desarrollan diez aspectos clave sobre estas métricas, son los siguientes:1. métricas vinculadas a la web 2.0 o web social.2. Múltiples fuentes de información y servicios3. Orientadas al artículo frente a la revista.4. Medidas del impacto social de la investigación.5. No vienen a sustituir vienen a complementar.6. Vinculadas a todo tipo de materiales académicos.7. Medición del impacto en tiempo real.8. Evanescencia e ubicuidad de las métricas.9. Pueden ser fácilmente manipulables.10. Un frente de investigación abierto

A spatio-temporal approach to individual mobility modeling in on-device cognitive computing platforms

The increased availability of GPS-enabled devices makes possible to collect location data for mining purposes and to develop mobility-based services (MBS). For most of the MBSs, determining interesting locations and frequent Points of Interest (POIs) is of paramount importance to study the semantic of places visited by an individual and the mobility patterns as a spatio-temporal phenomenon. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that uses mobility-based services for on-device and individual-centered mobility understanding. Unlike existing approaches that use crowd data for cloud-assisted POI extraction, the proposed solution autonomously detects POIs and mobility events to incrementally construct a cognitive map (spatio-temporal model) of individual mobility suitable to constrained mobile platforms. In particular, we focus on detecting POIs and enter-exits events as the key to derive statistical properties for characterizing the dynamics of an individual’s mobility. We show that the proposed spatio-temporal map effectively extracts core features from the user-POI interaction that are relevant for analytics such as mobility prediction. We also demonstrate how the obtained spatio-temporal model can be exploited to assess the relevance of daily mobility routines. This novel cognitive and on-line mobility modeling contributes toward the distributed intelligence of IoT connected devices without strongly compromising energy

Emprendimiento social sostenible en desarrollo del sector porcicultura orgánica.

En la ciudad de Cartagena de indias, se identifica una problemática, sobre los desperdicios de alimentos generados en la plaza del mercado Bazurto, para contribuir a disminución de los desechos de alimentos, que se generan en el mercado de Bazurto, se proponer realizar un Emprendimiento Social Sostenible en desarrollo del sector Porcicultura Orgánica. Esto se da con el fin de que los desechos puedan ser reutilizados la alimentación de los cerdos, lo cual traerá un gran impacto social el proyecto a la población, ya que se busca mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y también ayudar al medio ambiente. Según El Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP), realizó un estudio cuyos resultados son más que preocupantes: en Colombia se pierden o desperdician 9,76 millones de toneladas que se pierden o desperdician en el país, el 40,5% (Portafolio, 2016).In the city of Cartagena de Indias, a problem is identified, regarding the food waste generated in the Bazurto market square, to contribute to the reduction of food waste, which is generated in the Bazurto market, it is proposed to carry out an Entrepreneurship Sustainable Social Development of the Organic Pig sector. This is done so that the waste can be reused in the feeding of the pigs, which will bring a great social impact to the project to the population, since it seeks to improve the quality of life of people and also help the environment . According to the National Planning Department (DNP), it carried out a study whose results are more than worrying: in Colombia 9.76 million tons are lost or wasted that are lost or wasted in the country, 40.5% (Portafolio, 2016 )

Actividades para el aprendizaje significativo de Química en el bachillerato tecnológico de México

Education demands continuous improvement to prepare man for building up their own learning in a significant way. The Mexican school is in a crisis concerning this aspect. As a way to determine the use of strategies for significant learning in Chemistry and the perceptions of students and teachers from the Center of Industrial Technological High School and of Services 16, about them, a field investigation was developed by means of classes observations, surveys to 28 teachers and 200 students, which allowed to identify the methodological didactic insufficient preparation of the teachers to plan strategies of significant learning. It was declared as problem of the investigation: how to contribute to significant learning in Chemistry? In this regard, three types of activities were designed to be used as a guide for significant learning in Chemistry based on projects, problem-solving and in discovery learning.La Educación necesita un perfeccionamiento continuo, preparar al hombre para que construya su propio aprendizaje, logrando que el aprendizaje sea significativo. La escuela mexicana atraviesa por una crisis en ese sentido. Para conocer si se emplean estrategias de aprendizaje significativo en Química y las percepciones sobre ello de estudiantes y maestros del Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Industrial y de Servicios 16, se desarrolló una investigación de campo, realizando observaciones a clases y planes de clases, encuestas a 28 maestros y encuestas a 200 estudiantes, lo cual permitió identificar la insuficiente preparación didáctico metodológica de los maestros para planear las estrategias de aprendizaje significativo. Se declaró como problema de la investigación cómo contribuir al aprendizaje significativo de Química. En este sentido, se diseñaron tres tipos de actividades que les sirvieran de guía para el aprendizaje significativo de la Química basadas en proyectos, en problemas y aprendizaje por descubrimiento